What does 'schema' refer to in reading?

The concept of 'schema' in reading refers to the prior knowledge that readers bring to a text. This background knowledge encompasses the experiences, information, and beliefs that a reader has accumulated over time, which can significantly influence their comprehension of new material. When readers encounter a new text, they activate their existing schema related to the topic, allowing them to make connections, predict content, and better understand what they are reading.

For example, if a reader has a schema about the process of photosynthesis from previous lessons, they will be able to comprehend a new article discussing climate change and its impact on plant life more effectively. This ability to connect new information with what they already know enhances their understanding and retention of the material.

In contrast, the other options refer to different aspects unrelated to the direct process of tapping into prior knowledge: the decoration of a book focuses on its physical appearance, the understanding of a new word pertains to vocabulary acquisition, and the structure of sentences connects to grammar and syntax rather than the context provided by prior knowledge.